Introduction
In a previous post (Ref.1) we examined how to connect and detect a sensor module such as the GY-91 which is referenced in OpenPlotter documentation. This module has two ICs: an MPU-9250 motion detector IC and a BMP280 pressure/temperature IC. This gives us 11 variables: 3 x accelerometer, 3 x gyroscope, 3 x Magnetometer, 1 x air pressure, 1 x air temperature. In this post we will examine the properties of these variables.
GY-91 Sensor Module
The GY-91 sensor board contains a BMP280 pressure/temperature IC (Ref.2) and an MPU9250 accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer IC (Ref.3). These are commonly referenced with OpenPlotter. Figure 1 shows the board layout and pinouts. The MPU is the dark square IC and the BMP is the silvery rectangular IC with small air hole on top. Figure 2 shows the interconnection to the RPi GPIO.
BMP280 Pressure/Temperature
The BMP280 measures air pressure and temperature:
Air Pressure: 300 to 1100hPa = +9000m (above sea level) to -50m (below sea level)
Accuracy: +/-1hPa
Air Temperature: -40degC to +85degC
Air pressure at mean seal level is typically 1013.25hPa and is known as a standard atmosphere.
Common units are: 1 Standard Atmosphere = 1013.25hPa = 1013.25mbar = 760mmHg = 29.9212inchesHg
Air pressure varies with the height above sea level at about -10hPa for every 100m. It also varies with weather conditions which is of most concern to sailors. Figure 3 shows a typical BMP280 reading and a comparison with a Thommen mountaineering altimeter. The difference of 3mbar is less than 1%. I ordered 2 x BMPs, one on Amazon and one on EBay. The Amazon one had a problem with the pressure being pegged at 300hPa. I suspect the unit got damaged in shipment, there is a tiny hole on top which is probably sensitive to force. The EBay one worked 100%. Considering the low cost and what is on the board, this is not a problem. I remember using a Scintrex Magnetometer in 1969 that weighed at least 10lbs and cost over 10K$!.
MPU9250 Acc/Gyro & Mag
The MPU9250 integrates two dies into a QFN package of 3x3x1mm. The first die has an accelerometer and gyroscope, the second has a AK8963 magnetometer. The acc/gyro/mag have variable ranges and are sampled with 16bit ADCs. There is a built in DMP digital motion processor and I2C interface. Figure 5 from the data sheet shows the block diagram. Hard to believe so much is in such a small package! Figure 6 shows the orientation of the x,y,z axes for the acc/gyro and mag. Note the different directions of y,z for the mag (right hand rule x to y then z). Figure 7 shows the pin 1 location dot on the GY-91 board.
PyPilot Calibration
In the previous post we detected the MPU9250 in PyPilot. Open PyPilot, ensure the GY-91 is in a horizontal plane and select the calibration menu item as shown in Figure 8. Once the GY-91 is level, press the “Boat is Level” button in the lower left corner. This will calibrate the MCU9250. Twisting the board around the vertical axis will generate Yaw, around the Y axis will generate Pitch and around the X axis Roll (see Fig. 11 YouTube movie). Once the calibration is done, you can see the results in the SignalK Instrument Panel Fig.10.
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References
#1. – “OpenPlotter – Sensors_a”
https://jeremyclark.ca/wp/nav/openplotter-sensors_a/
#2. – “BMP-280 Digital Pressure Sensor”, Bosch Data Sheet
https://www.bosch-sensortec.com/media/boschsensortec/downloads/datasheets/bst-bmp280-ds001.pdf
#3. – “MPU-9250 Motion Tracking Device”, TDK Invasense Data Sheet
https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/TDK%20PDFs/MPU-9250_Rev_1.1.pdf
#4. – “OpenPlotter – AIS+”
https://jeremyclark.ca/wp/nav/openplotter-ais/
#5. – “OpenPlotter – RTL-SDR for VHF/AIS”
https://jeremyclark.ca/wp/telecom/openplotter-rtl-sdr-for-vhf-ais/
#6. – “OpenPlotter – AIS Connection”
https://jeremyclark.ca/wp/telecom/openplotter-ais-connection/
#7. – “OpenPlotter – GPS Connection”
https://jeremyclark.ca/wp/telecom/openplotter-gps-connection/
#8. -“OpenPlotter – Naviagtion System on RPi”
https://jeremyclark.ca/wp/telecom/openplotter-navigation-system-on-rpi/